Table 1 Characteristics of the participants at baseline
Characteristics | Standard treatment group | Intensive treatment group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Prediabetes (N = 13) | Diabetes (N = 18) | Prediabetes (N = 15) | Diabetes (N = 15) | |
Female sex—no. (%) | 7 (53.85) | 9 (50.00) | 6 (40.00) | 10 (66.67) |
Age—years | 36.08 ± 9.16 | 39.28 ± 13.19 | 34.27 ± 11.40 | 38.73 ± 12.94 |
Han ethnicity—no. (%) | 12 (92.31) | 16 (88.89) | 14 (93.33) | 13 (86.67) |
Time since glucose abnormality—months | 3.42 ± 1.21 | 3.91 ± 1.62 | 3.78 ± 1.55 | 4.00 ± 1.24 |
History of other diseases—no. (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 8 (61.54) | 9 (50.00) | 10 (66.67) | 7 (46.67) |
 Dyslipidemia | 4 (30.77) | 9 (50.00) | 7 (46.67) | 11 (73.33) |
 MASLD | 8 (61.54) | 16 (88.89) | 9 (60.00) | 11 (73.33) |
 Hyperuricemia | 8 (61.54) | 4 (22.22)a | 11 (73.33)d | 4 (26.67)cf |
Oral hypoglycemic agents—no. (%) | ||||
 Metformin | 11 (84.61) | 14 (77.78) | 14 (93.33) | 12 (80.00) |
 TZD | 2 (15.38) | 0 (00.00) | 1 (6.67) | 2 (13.33) |
 SGLT-2i | 5 (38.46) | 8 (44.44) | 11 (73.33) | 11 (73.33) |
 GLP-1RA | 4 (30.77) | 8 (44.44) | 10 (66.67) | 8 (53.33) |
 weight (kg) | 100.43 ± 18.51 | 99.06 ± 16.49 | 112.11 ± 16.92 | 101.21 ± 19.05 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 35.21 ± 5.97 | 34.56 ± 5.53 | 38.87 ± 4.73 | 36.49 ± 5.78 |
 PBF (%) | 41.42 ± 5.94 | 40.96 ± 7.83 | 43.70 ± 4.87 | 44.49 ± 6.72 |
 VFA (cm2) | 194.73 ± 44.03 | 204.57 ± 34.09 | 221.13 ± 26.98 | 212.43 ± 50.63 |
 SMM (kg) | 32.00 ± 5.58 | 32.41 ± 6.00 | 35.51 ± 6.65 | 31.07 ± 6.24 |
 CAP (dB/m) | 332.77 ± 53.66 | 334.89 ± 38.81 | 319.27 ± 48.44 | 303.20 ± 68.69 |
 FPG (mmol/L) | 5.34 ± 0.72 | 8.36 ± 2.45a | 5.10 ± 0.65d | 8.15 ± 3.19cf |
 2hPG (mmol/L) | 8.37 ± 0.89 | 15.89 ± 3.47a | 9.02 ± 1.08d | 15.56 ± 4.30cf |
 FINS (μU/mL) | 22.85 (17.59 to 29.10) | 22.62 (17.39 to 32.90) | 19.55 (14.42 to 29.51) | 30.40 (17.09 to 60.49) |
 HbA1c (%) | 5.79 ± 0.34 | 7.77 ± 1.78a | 5.77 ± 0.37d | 7.53 ± 2.06cf |
 TC (mmol/L) | 4.74 ± 0.62 | 5.48 ± 1.27 | 5.29 ± 1.02 | 5.52 ± 1.15 |
 TG (mmol/L) | 1.99 (1.72 to 3.28) | 1.69 (1.26 to 2.77) | 1.54 (1.05 to 2.77) | 2.23 (1.81 to 3.17) |
 HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.26 ± 0.33 | 1.26 ± 0.29 | 1.20 ± 0.30 | 1.25 ± 0.34 |
 LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.95 ± 0.48 | 3.50 ± 1.05 | 3.29 ± 0.86 | 3.41 ± 0.82 |
 Urea (mmol/L) | 4.82 ± 0.82 | 4.60 ± 1.09 | 5.06 ± 1.13 | 4.90 ± 1.09 |
 Creatinine (μmol/L) | 70.00 ± 22.89 | 57.70 ± 13.33a | 64.33 ± 11.96 | 63.73 ± 13.58 |
 UA (μmol/L) | 446.23 ± 122.49 | 364.28 ± 102.16a | 453.93 ± 105.49d | 366.33 ± 75.75cf |
 ALT (IU/L) | 37.60 (20.50 to 57.05) | 59.75 (30.60 to 109.70) | 28.00 (18.20 to 44.30) | 45.40 (34.50 to 63.00) |
 AST (IU/L) | 27.80 (17.55 to 42.00) | 41.45 (22.93 to 60.55) | 21.40 (14.40 to 31.90) | 28.40 (25.80 to 48.60) |