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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants stratified by frailty index

From: Accelerometer-measured physical activity, frailty, and all-cause mortality and life expectancy among middle-aged and older adults: a UK Biobank longitudinal study

 

Overall

Robust

Pre-frailty

Frailty

(N = 78,508)

(N = 49,736)

(N = 25,579)

(N = 3193)

Age at accelerometer measurement, mean (SD)

62.0 (7.8)

61.5 (7.8)

62.8 (7.7)

63.5 (7.4)

Sex, n (%)

 Women

43,538 (55.5%)

26,757 (53.8%)

14,844 (58.0%)

1937 (60.7%)

 Men

34,970 (44.5%)

22,979 (46.2%)

10,735 (42.0%)

1256 (39.3%)

Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2, n (%)

 < 25.0

31,356 (39.9%)

22,181 (44.6%)

8574 (33.5%)

601 (18.8%)

 25.0–29.9

32,136 (40.9%)

20,400 (41.0%)

10,604 (41.5%)

1132 (35.5%)

 ≥ 30.0

15,016 (19.1%)

7155 (14.4%)

6401 (25.0%)

1460 (45.7%)

Ethnicity, n (%)

 White

76,355 (97.3%)

48,403 (97.3%)

24,867 (97.2%)

3085 (96.6%)

 Other

2153 (2.7%)

1333 (2.7%)

712 (2.8%)

108 (3.4%)

Education, n (%)

 College or university degree

35,182 (44.8%)

23,967 (48.2%)

10,272 (40.2%)

943 (29.5%)

 Secondary school

28,803 (36.7%)

17,785 (35.8%)

9748 (38.1%)

1270 (39.8%)

 Primary school

6203 (7.9%)

3065 (6.2%)

2605 (10.2%)

533 (16.7%)

Professional qualification

8320 (10.6%)

4919 (9.9%)

2954 (11.5%)

447 (14.0%)

Employment, n (%)

 Employed

42,369 (54.0%)

28,455 (57.2%)

12,736 (49.8%)

1178 (36.9%)

 Retired

32,111 (40.9%)

19,354 (38.9%)

11,320 (44.3%)

1437 (45.0%)

 Inactive

4028 (5.1%)

1927 (3.9%)

1523 (6.0%)

578 (18.1%)

Household income, £/year, n (%)

 Less than 18,000

12,472 (15.9%)

6105 (12.3%)

5199 (20.3%)

1168 (36.6%)

 18,000 to 30,999

19,679 (25.1%)

11,733 (23.6%)

7035 (27.5%)

911 (28.5%)

 31,000 to 51,999

21,841 (27.8%)

14,352 (28.9%)

6841 (26.7%)

648 (20.3%)

 52,000 to 100,000

18,315 (23.3%)

12,858 (25.9%)

5070 (19.8%)

387 (12.1%)

 Greater than 100,000

6201 (7.9%)

4688 (9.4%)

1434 (5.6%)

79 (2.5%)

 Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD)

 − 1.79 (2.78)

 − 1.92 (2.70)

 − 1.64 (2.85)

 − 0.842 (3.21)

Smoking status, n (%)

 Never

45,193 (57.6%)

30,325 (61.0%)

13,416 (52.4%)

1452 (45.5%)

 Previous

28,468 (36.3%)

16,758 (33.7%)

10,316 (40.3%)

1394 (43.7%)

 Current

4847 (6.2%)

2653 (5.3%)

1847 (7.2%)

347 (10.9%)

Alcohol drinking frequency, n (%)

 ≥ 3 times/week

38,041 (48.5%)

25,335 (50.9%)

11,667 (45.6%)

1039 (32.5%)

 < 3 times/week

35,795 (45.6%)

21,963 (44.2%)

12,084 (47.2%)

1748 (54.7%)

 Never

4672 (6.0%)

2438 (4.9%)

1828 (7.1%)

406 (12.7%)

Sleep duration, n (%)

 7–8 h/day

56,048 (71.4%)

37,687 (75.8%)

16,790 (65.6%)

1571 (49.2%)

 < 7 h/day

17,197 (21.9%)

9241 (18.6%)

6755 (26.4%)

1201 (37.6%)

 > 8 h/day

5263 (6.7%)

2808 (5.6%)

2034 (8.0%)

421 (13.2%)

Healthy diet score, n (%)

 0–2

27,185 (34.6%)

16,652 (33.5%)

9294 (36.3%)

1239 (38.8%)

 3–5

47,762 (60.8%)

30,724 (61.8%)

15,213 (59.5%)

1825 (57.2%)

 ≥ 6

3561 (4.5%)

2360 (4.7%)

1072 (4.2%)

129 (4.0%)

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

 No

60,987 (77.7%)

39,430 (79.3%)

19,338 (75.6%)

2219 (69.5%)

 Yes

17,521 (22.3%)

10,306 (20.7%)

6241 (24.4%)

974 (30.5%)

Family history of CVD, n (%)

 No

17,621 (22.4%)

12,218 (24.6%)

4956 (19.4%)

447 (14.0%)

 Yes

60,887 (77.6%)

37,518 (75.4%)

20,623 (80.6%)

2746 (86.0%)

Family history of cancer, n (%)

 No

49,063 (62.5%)

31,475 (63.3%)

15,646 (61.2%)

1942 (60.8%)

 Yes

29,445 (37.5%)

18,261 (36.7%)

9933 (38.8%)

1251 (39.2%)

 Total wear days, mean (SD)

6.72 (0.709)

6.73 (0.706)

6.72 (0.718)

6.73 (0.691)

Seasonality, n (%)

 Autumn

23,285 (29.7%)

14,854 (29.9%)

7472 (29.2%)

959 (30.0%)

 Spring

17,873 (22.8%)

11,361 (22.8%)

5785 (22.6%)

727 (22.8%)

 Summer

20,730 (26.4%)

12,930 (26.0%)

6972 (27.3%)

828 (25.9%)

 Winter

16,620 (21.2%)

10,591 (21.3%)

5350 (20.9%)

679 (21.3%)

TVPA, mg, mean (SD)

38.4 (11.9)

39.7 (11.9)

36.5 (11.3)

32.0 (10.6)

MVPA, hour/day, mean (SD)

0.517 (0.447)

0.568 (0.462)

0.445 (0.410)

0.297 (0.340)

LPA, hour/day, mean (SD)

5.27 (1.58)

5.32 (1.56)

5.22 (1.59)

4.85 (1.70)

ST, hour/day, mean (SD)

7.98 (1.60)

7.97 (1.59)

7.98 (1.60)

8.07 (1.69)

  1. CVD cardiovascular disease, TVPA total volume of physical activity, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity, LPA light-intensity physical activity, ST sedentary time, mg milligravity; health diet score was calculated based on self-reported servings of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, vegetable oil, fish, dairy, refined grains, unprocessed meats, processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages. More details can be found in Additional file 1: Table S4
  2. Townsend Index (including measures of unemployment, non-car ownership, non-home ownership, and household overcrowding), derived from respondents’ postcode was used as an indicator of area-level SES
  3. Employment status is categorized as employed (includes paid employment or self-employed, paid or voluntary work or student), retired, and inactive (includes looking after home and/or family, unable to work and unemployed)
  4. Education is categorized as college or university degree, secondary school (includes A levels/AS levels or equivalent, O levels/GCSEs or equivalent, CSEs or equivalent), primary school, and professional qualification (NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent, other professional qualifications)
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